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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">history</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник РГГУ. Серия: Литературоведение. Языкознание. Культурология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RSUH/RGGU Bulletin: “Literary Teory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies”, Series</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6355</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSUH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2686-7249-2024-4-30-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">history-1581</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КУЛЬТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>STUDIES IN CULTURAL HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>«Безумный приравнивается к отсутствующему»? Категория «сумасшествие» в средневековом праве</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>«The insane is equated with the absent»? The category of ‘madness’ in medieval law</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тогоева</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Togoeva</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга И. Тогоева, доктор исторических наук</p><p>119334, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, д. 32а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga I. Togoeva, Dr. of Sci. (History)</p><p>32a, Leninsky Av., Moscow, 119334</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">togoeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тогоева О.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тогоева О.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Togoeva O.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/1581">https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/1581</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена проблеме описания и интерпретации понятия «сумасшествие» в средневековом праве. На материале юридических источников (канонического права, авторских трактатов правоведов и теологов, судебных приговоров и писем о помиловании) автор статьи прослеживает становление данного понятия на протяжении XII–XV вв., его связь с нормами римского права (прежде всего с «Дигестами» Юстиниана), особенности его применения в церковном, гражданском и уголовном праве. Особое внимание в статье уделено вопросу повседневной жизни душевнобольных людей, их практически полной зависимости от родственников и друзей, на которых главным образом ложилась ответственность за пребывание сумасшедших в социуме, а также роли медицинской экспертизы в определении их статуса. В статье подробно рассматривается терминология, которой оперировали церковные и светские юристы и судьи при описании случаев утраты рассудка преступниками и/или их жертвами. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что разнообразие терминов, присутствующих в средневековых правовых текстах, свидетельствует, во-первых, о недостаточной разработанности понятия «сумасшествие» в эту эпоху, а во-вторых, о наличии явных заимствований отдельных терминов и развернутых описаний данного недуга из средневековой художественной литературы (в частности, из более ранних рыцарских романов).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article deals with an issue of describing and interpreting the concept of «madness» in medieval law. Based on the material of legal sources (canon law, author’s treatises of jurists and theologians, court verdicts and letters of pardon), the author of the article traces the formation of the concept during the 12th – 15th centuries, its relation to the norms of Roman law (primarily with the «Digests» of Justinian), the specifics of its practice in ecclesiastical, civil and criminal cases. Special attention is paid to the issue of the daily life of mentally ill people, their almost complete dependence on relatives and friends, who were mainly responsible for the stay of the insane in society, as well as of the role of medical expertise in determining their status. The article considers in detail the terminology used by ecclesiastical and secular lawyers and judges who described the cases of loss of sanity by criminals and/or their victims. The author of the article concludes that the variety of terms present in medieval legal texts indicates, firstly, the lack of elaboration of the concept of «madness» at that time, and secondly, the presence of explicit borrowings of special terms and detailed descriptions of such a disease from medieval fiction (in particular, from earlier romances).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Средние века</kwd><kwd>римское право</kwd><kwd>обычное право</kwd><kwd>Франция</kwd><kwd>сумасшествие</kwd><kwd>письма о помиловании</kwd><kwd>рыцарские романы</kwd><kwd>медицинская экспертиза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Middle Ages</kwd><kwd>Roman law</kwd><kwd>common law</kwd><kwd>France</kwd><kwd>madness</kwd><kwd>letters of pardon</kwd><kwd>romances</kwd><kwd>medical examination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин 1996 – Ильин И.П. 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