<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">history</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВЕСТНИК РГГУ. Серия «Литературоведение. Языкознание. Культурология»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RSUH/RGGU Bulletin: “Literary Teory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies”, Series</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6355</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSUH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2686-7249-2025-5-33-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">history-1874</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХРОНОТОП В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ СКАНДИНАВСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE CHRONOTOPE IN OLD NORSE CULTURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Восприятие пространства и его доместикация в древнескандинавской культуре</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Space and its domestication in Old Norse culture</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена А. Мельникова, доктор исторических наук</p><p>119334, Москва, Ленинский пр-кт, д. 32а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Melnikova, Dr. of Sci. (History)</p><p>32a, Leninskij pr., Moscow, 119334</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melnikova_2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/1874">https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/1874</self-uri><abstract><p>Понятие физического пространства как абстрактной протяженности несвойственно менталитету древних исландцев и, соответственно, не было вербализовано и концептуализировано. Все лексемы, связанные с пространством, характеризуют его как ограниченное и обязательно обитаемое: heimr – «мир (один из многих), некая область как место обитания», и rúm – «пространство, занимаемое кем- или чем-либо; помещение, сидение и т. п.». Более конкретны обозначения определенного участка пространства: land («земля») и staðr («место»). В восприятии этих локальных пространств особенно важна была их соотнесенность с человеком. Понятие границы было связано с маркированием земельных владений, в том числе государственных, и выражалось большим количеством слов: mörk (также «[пограничный] лес»), landamæri, landamörk, endimörk (крайний), vébönd (кн.); за границей útland, útan, á útleið. Размеры локальных пространств, их протяженность (lengð, fjarlængð, vegalengð «длина, расстояние»), расстояния между конкретными объектами определялись днями пути, т. е. расстояние измерялось «человеческим фактором». Таким образом, пространство мыслилось как антропоцентрическое.Знакомство с пространством сопровождалось его доместикацией, которая осуществлялась на нескольких уровнях. Наиболее действенным способом «присвоения» пространства было наделение именем его самого и находящихся в нем объектов. В доместицированном, «своем» пространстве доминировали собственные, древнескандинавские наименования, в пространстве «чужом» – транслитерация местной номенклатуры. Особенно отчетливо топонимическая доместикация проявляется в скандинавской топонимии Восточной Европы. Локальное пространство структурировалось выделением центра власти и периферии (оппозиция inni : úti).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The concept of physical space as an abstract expanse was neither articulated nor conceptualized, indicating that it was alien to the mentality of medieval Icelanders. The lexemes associated with the concept of space depict it as limited, comprising distinct areas and inherently inhabited: heimr ‘abode, land; the region of the world or sky’ and rúm ‘room, space; a room, seat, place’. More specific were the designations of certain sections of the space: land ‘land’ and staðr ‘a stead, place, abode’. The most important aspect of all these spaces was their association with human or mythological beings. The conception of ‘boundary’ was predominantly practical; it was related to the demarcation of land property and, due to its significance, was represented by a number of terms: mörk (also a [border] forest), landamæri, landamörk, endimörk (edge). The dimensions of local spaces, their length, and the distances between specific geographical objects were defined by days of travel; that is, the distance was measured by the ‘human factor’. The space was thus perceived as being anthropomorphic. Familiarisation with a new area of space was, in some instances, accompanied by its domestication, which was achieved through various means. The most significant way to appropriate a piece of space was by assigning names to it and to the objects contained within it. In the domesticated space of the north-western part of Eastern Europe, Old Norse designations of the region and its centres predominated, whereas, in the ‘alien’ space, most place names were transliterations of local names. The domesticated space was organised through centres of power and their contraposition to the periphery (the opposition inni : úti).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Древняя Скандинавия</kwd><kwd>пространство</kwd><kwd>антропоцентризм</kwd><kwd>доместикация</kwd><kwd>Восточная Европа</kwd><kwd>топонимия</kwd><kwd>границы</kwd><kwd>центры власти</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ancient Scandinavia</kwd><kwd>space</kwd><kwd>anthropocentrism</kwd><kwd>domestication</kwd><kwd>Eastern Europe</kwd><kwd>place-names</kwd><kwd>centers of power</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 1994 – Глазырина Г.В. Свадебный дар Ярослава Мудрого шведской принцессе Ингигерд (к вопросу о достоверности сообщения Снорри Стурлусона о передаче Альдейгьюборга / Старой Ладоги скандинавам) // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы: Материалы и исследования: 1991 г. М.: Наука, 1994. С. 240–244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilevskii, I.N. (2004), Povest’ vremennykh let: Germenevticheskie osnovy izucheniya letopisnykh tekstov [The Primary Chronicle (Tale of Bygone Years’). Hermeneutic basis for studying chronicle texts], Aspekt-Press, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуревич 1972 – Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М.: Искусство, 1972. 318 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fellows-Jensen, G. (2004), “Scandinavian settlement in the British Isles and Normandy: What the place-names reveal”, in Adams, J. and Holman, K., eds., Scandinavia and Europe 800–1350: Contact, conflict, and coexistence, Brepols, Turnhout, Belgium, pp. 137–147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуревич 2005 – Гуревич А.Я. Пространственно-временной континуум «Песни о нибелунгах» // Гуревич А.Я. История – нескончаемый спор: Медиевистика и скандинавистика: статьи разных лет. М.: РГГУ, 2005. С. 118–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fjalldal, M. (2005), Anglo-Saxon England in Icelandic medieval texts, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилевский 2004 – Данилевский И.Н. Повесть временных лет: Герменевтические основы изучения летописных текстов. М.: Аспект-Пресс, 2004. 370 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank, J. (2000), “Introduction”, in Frank, J., ed., Spatial Change in English literature, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 9–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаксон 1994 – Джаксон Т.Н. Ориентационные принципы организации пространства в картине мира средневекового скандинава // Одиссей: Человек в истории. М., 1994. С. 54–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (1994), “Wedding gift of Yaroslav the Wise to the Swedish princess Ingigerd (on the question of the reliability of Snorri Sturluson’s information on the handover of Aldeigjuborg / Old Ladoga to Scandinavians], in Drevnejshie gosudarstva Vostochnoj Evropy: Materialy i issledovaniya: 1991 god [Ancient States of Eastern Europe. Materials and research], Moscow, Nauka, Russia, pp. 240–244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаксон 2001 – Джаксон Т.Н. Austr i Gǫrðum: Древнерусские топонимы в древнескандинавских источниках. M.: Языки славянских культур, 2001. 208 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregory, D. (1994), Geographical imagination, Wiley-Blackwell, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаксон 2012 – Джаксон Т.Н. Исландские королевские саги о Восточной Европе: Тексты, перевод, комментарий. М.: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2012. 779 с. (Древнейшие источники по истории Восточной Европы)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurevich, A.Ya. (1972), Kategorii srednevekovoi kul’tury [Categories of Medieval culture], Iskusstvo, Moscow, USSR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Древняя Русь 2012 – Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников / под ред. Е.А. Мельниковой. М.: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2012. 595 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurevich, A.Ya. (1985) Categories of medieval culture, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, London, UK, Boston, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замятин 2006 – Замятин Д.Н. Культура и пространство: Моделирование географических образов. М.: Знак, 2006. 487 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurevich, A.Ya. (2005), “Space- and time continuum of the Nibelungenlied”, in Gurevich, A.Ya., Istoriya – neskonchaemyi spor: Medievistika i skandinavistika: stat’i raznykh let [History – a never-ending controversy. Medieval and Scandinavian studies: Articles written in different years], RGGU, Moscow, Russia, pp. 118–137 (first publication 1978).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалова, Мельникова 2018 – Коновалова И.Г., Мельникова Е.А. Древняя Русь в системе евразийских коммуникаций. М.: Весь мир, 2018. 276 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamilton, S. and Spicer, A., eds. (2006), Defining the holy: Sacred space in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Routledge, London, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев 1985 – Лебедев Г.С. Эпоха викингов в Северной Европе. Л.: Ленинградский ун-т, 1985. 285 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrison, D. (1998), Skapelsen geografi. Förestälningar om rymd och rum i medeltidens Europa, Ordfront, Stockholm, Sweden.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев 1986 – Лебедев Г.С. Балтийская субконтинентальная цивилизация // Х Всесоюзная конференция по изучению истории, экономики, языка и литературы Скандинавских стран и Финляндии: Тезисы докладов. М., 1986. Ч. 1. С. 158–160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrison, D. (2001), “Invisible boundaries and places of power: Notions of liminality and centrality in the Early Middle Ages”, in Pohl, W., Wood, I. and Reimitz, H., eds., The transformation of frontiers from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, Brill, Leiden, Netherlands, pp. 83–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Литовских 2018 – Литовских Е.В. Корова Броня: животный мир в «Книге о занятии земли» // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы, 2016 год: Памяти Г.В. Глазыриной / отв. ред. Т.В. Гимон, Е.А. Мельникова, Т.Н. Джаксон, А.С. Щавелев. М.: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2018. С. 124–133.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hastrup, K. (1985), Culture and history in medieval Iceland: An anthropological analysis of structure and change, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мелетинский 1975 – Мелетинский Е.М. Скандинавская мифология как система // Труды по знаковым системам, VII. Тарту, 1975. Вып. 365. С. 38–51. (Ученые записки Тартуского государственного университета)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howes, L.L., ed. (2007), Place, space, and landscape in medieval narrative, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 1977 – Мельникова Е.А. Восточноевропейские топонимы с корнем garð- в древнескандинавской письменности // Скандинавский сборник. Таллин, 1977. Вып. 22. С. 199–210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson, T.N. (1994), “Space orientation principles in the picture of the world of a medieval Scandinavan], Odissei: Chelovek v istorii [Odysseus: A person in history], Moscow, Russia, pp. 54–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 1986 – Мельникова Е.А. Древнескандинавские географические сочинения: Тексты, перевод, комментарий. М.: Наука, 1986. 230 с. (Древнейшие источники по истории народов СССР)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson, Т.N. (2001), Austr i Gǫrðum: Drevnerusskie toponimy v drevneskandinavskikh istochnikakh [Austr i Gǫrðum. Old Russian place-names in the Old Norse sources], Yazyki slavyanskikh kul’tur, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 1987 – Мельникова Е.А. Меч и лира: Англосаксонское общество в истории и эпосе. М.: Мысль, 1987. 263 с. (2-е изд. 2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson, T.N. (2012), Islandskie korolevskie sagi o Vostochnoi Evrope: Teksty, perevod, kommentarii [Icelandic kings’ sagas on Eastern Europe (Ancient sources for the history of Eastern Europe. Texts, translation, commentary], Russkii fond sodeistviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, Moscow, Russia. (Drevneishie istochniki po istorii Vostochnoi Evropy)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 1998 – Мельникова Е.А. Образ мира: Становление и эволюция географических представлений в Европе: V–XIV вв. М.: Ладомир, 1998. 254 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jackson, T.N. (2019), Eastern Europe in Icelandic sagas, Arc Humanities Press, Leeds, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2001а – Мельникова Е.А. Древнескандинавские итинерарии в Рим, Константинополь и Святую Землю // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1999 г.: Восточная и Северная Европа в Средневековье / отв. ред. Г.В. Глазырина. М.: Восточная литература, 2001. С. 363–436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova, I.G. and Melnikova, E.A. (2018), Drevnyaya Rus’ v sisteme evraziiskikh kommunikatsii [Old Rus’ in the system of Eurasian communications], Ves’ mir, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2001б – Мельникова Е.А. Скандинавские рунические надписи: Новые находки и интерпретации. М.: Восточная литература, 2001. 493 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krag, C. (1971), “Landskapsnavn på -land og -rike”, Historisk tidskrift, bd. 50, no. 4, pp. 341–354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2014 – Мельникова Е.А. Древнескандинавские представления о пространстве в зеркале языка // Книга картины Земли: Сб. статей в честь И.Г. Коноваловой / отв. ред. Т.Н. Джаксон, А.В. Подосинов. М., 2014. С. 177–191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev, G.S. (1985), Epokha vikingov v Severnoi Evrope [The Viking age in Northern Europe], Leningradskii universitet, Leningrad, USSR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2015 – Мельникова Е.А. Договоры о границах (Англо-Саксонская Англия и Скандинавия) // Восточная Европа в древности и Средневековье: Государственная территория как фактор политогенеза: XXVII Чтения памяти... Владимира Терентьевича Пашуто, Москва, 15–17 апреля 2015 г.: Материалы конференции. М.: ИВИ РАН, 2015. Вып. 17. С. 189–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev, G.S. (1986), “The Baltic subcontinental civilization”, in X Vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya po izucheniyu istorii, ekonomiki, yazyka i literatury Skandinavskikh stran i Finlyandii: Tezisy dokladov [10th All-Union Conference on Studies of History, Economics, Language, and Literature of Scandinavian Countries and Finland. Theses], Moscow, USSR, part 1, pp. 158–160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стеблин-Каменский 1976 – Стеблин-Каменский М.И. Миф. Л.: Наука, 1976. 104 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Litovskikh, E.V. (2018), “The cow Bronya. The world of animals in the Landnámabók], in Gimon, T.V., Melnikova, E.A., Jackson, T.N. and Schavelev, A.S., eds., Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy, 2016 god: Pamyati G.V. Glazyrinoi [Ancient states of Eastern Europe. 2016. In memory of G.V. Glazyrina], Russkii fond sodeistviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, Moscow, Russia, pp. 124–133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Defining the Holy 2006 – Defining the holy: Sacred space in Medieval and Early Modern Europe / ed. by S. Hamilton, A. Spicer. L.: Routledge, 2006. 368 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meletinskii, E.M. (1975), “Scandinavian mythology as a system], in Trudy po znakovym sistemam, VII [Studies of semiotic systems, VII], Tartu, USSR, iss. 365, pp. 38–51. (Uchenye zapiski Tartusskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fellows-Jensen 2004 – Fellows-Jensen G. Scandinavian settlement in the British Isles and Normandy: What the place-names reveal // Scandinavia and Europe 800–1350: Contact, conflict, and coexistence / ed. by J. Adams, K. Holman. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004. P. 137–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (1977), “East-European place-names with the stem garð- in the Old Norse literature”, in Skandinavskii sbornik [Scandinavian collection], iss. 22, Tallin, USSR, pp. 199–210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fjalldal 2005 – Fjalldal M. Anglo-Saxon England in Icelandic medieval texts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. 162 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (1986), Drevneskandinavskie geograficheskie sochineniya: Teksty, perevod, kommentarii [Old Norse geographical writings. Texts, translation, commentaries, Nauka, Moscow, USSR. (Drevneishie istochniki po istorii narodov SSSR)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank 2000 – Frank J. Introduction // Spatial Change in English literature / ed. by J. Frank. Dordrecht: Springer, 2000. P. 9–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (1987), Mech i lira. Anglo-saksonskoe obshchestvo v istorii i epose [The Sword and the Harp. Anglo-Saxon Society in History and Epics], Moscow: Mysl’ (2nd ed. 2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregory 1994 – Gregory D. Geographical imagination. L.: Wiley-Blackwell, 1994. 326 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (1998), Obraz mira. Stanovlenie i evolyuciya geograficheskih predstavlenij v Evrope. V–XIV veka [The Image of the World. Emergence and Evolution of Geographical Ideas in Europe. Fifth to Fourteenth Centuries], Moscow, Ladomir, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurevich 1985 – Gurevich A.Ya. Categories of medieval culture / transl. by G.L. Campbell. L.; Boston: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1985. 347 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2001), “Old Norse itineraries to Rome, Constantinople, and the Holy Land”, in Glazyrina, G.V., ed., Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy. 1999 g.: Vostochnaya i Severnaya Evropa v Srednevekov’e [Ancient states of Eastern Europe. 1999. Eastern and Northern Europe in the Middle Ages], Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow, Russia, pp. 363–436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrison 1998 – Harrison D. Skapelsen geografi. Förestälningar om rymd och rum i medeltidens Europa. Stockholm: Ordfront, 1998. 244 s.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2001), Skandinavskie runicheskie nadpisi: Novye nakhodki i interpretatsii [Scandinavian runic inscriptions. New findings and interpretations], Vostochnaya literature, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrison 2001 – Harrison D. Invisible boundaries and places of power: Notions of liminality and centrality in the Early Middle Ages // The transformation of frontiers from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians / ed. by W. Pohl, I. Wood, H. Reimitz. Leiden: Brill, 2001. P. 83–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A., ed. (2012), Drevnaya Rus’ v svete zarubezhnykh istochnikov [Ancient Rus’ in the light of foreign sources], Russkii fond sodeistviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hastrup 1985 – Hastrup K. Culture and history in medieval Iceland: An anthropological analysis of structure and change. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1985. 285 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2014), “Old Norse notions of space in the mirror of the language”, in Jackson, T.N. and Podosinov, A.V., eds., Kniga kartiny Zemli: Sbornik statei v chest’ I.G. Konovalovoi [The book of the picture of the world. Collected articles in honour of I.G. Konovalova], Moscow, Russia, pp. 177–191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jackson 2019 – Jackson T.N. Eastern Europe in Icelandic sagas. Leeds: ARC Humanities Press, 2019. 228 p. (Beyond Medieval Europe)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2015), “The border treaties (Anglo-Saxon England and Scandinavia)”, in Vostochnaya Evropa v drevnosti i Srednevekov’e: Gosudarstvennaya territoriya kak faktor politogeneza: XXVII Chteniya pamyati ... Vladimira Terent’evicha Pashuto [Eastern Europe in the Antiquity and Middle Ages. State Territory as a Factor of Politogenesis: XXVII Conference Commemorating Vladimir Terentyevich Pashuto], IVI RAN, Moscow, Russia, iss. 17, pp. 189–195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krag 1971 – Krag C. Landskapsnavn på -land og -rike // Historisk tidskrift. 1971. Bd. 50. No. 4. S. 341–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2023), “The Mediterranean in the Old Scandinavian image of the world”, in Price, N., H. Eriksen, M. and Jahnke, C., eds., Vikings in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of International Conference, Athens, 27–30 November 2019, The Norwergian Institute in Athens, Athens, Greece, pp. 35–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melnikova 2023 – Melnikova T.A. The Mediterranean in the Old Scandinavian image of the world // Vikings in the Mediterranean. Proceedings of the International Conference, Athens, 27–30 November 2019 / ed. by N. Price, M.H. Eriksen, C. Jahnke. Athens: The Norwegian Institute in Athens, 2023. P. 35–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michelet, F.L. (2006), Creation, migration, and conquest. Imaginary geography and sense of space in Old English literature, Oxford, Oxford University Press, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michelet 2006 – Michelet F.L. Creation, migration, and conquest. Imaginary geography and sense of space in Old English literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 297 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simek, R. (1990), Altnordische Kosmographie. Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jh. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, New York, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Place, Space, and Landscape 2007 – Place, space, and landscape in medieval narrative / ed. by L.L. Howes. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007. 207 p. (Tennessee Studies in literature; vol. 43)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steblin-Kamenskii, M.I. (1976), Mif [Myth], Nauka, Leningrad, USSR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simek 1990 – Simek R. Altnordische Kosmographie. Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert. Berlin; N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 1990. 643 S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talmy, L. (1983), “How language structures space”, in Pick, H.L. and Acredolo, L.P., eds., Spatial orientation: Theory, research, and application, Plenum Press, New York, USA, pp. 225–282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talmy 1983 – Talmy L. How language structures space // Spatial orientation: Theory, research, and application / ed. by H.L. Pick, L.P. Acredolo. N.Y.: Plenum Press, 1983. P. 225–282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamyatin, D.N. (2006), Kul’tura i prostranstvo: Modelirovanie geograficheskikh obrazov [Culture and space. Modelling of geographical images], Znak, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
