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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">history</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВЕСТНИК РГГУ. Серия «Литературоведение. Языкознание. Культурология»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RSUH/RGGU Bulletin: “Literary Teory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies”, Series</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6355</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSUH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2686-7249-2019-3-39-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">history-667</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВИЗУАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>VISUAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Средневековый гнев: две разновидности - две жестово-мимические системы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medieval Anger: Two Types - Two Systems of Manual and Facial Gestures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Е. Махов, доктор филологических наук, профессор</p><p>РГГУ, 125993, г. Москва, Миусская пл., д. 6; Институт мировой литературы им. А.М. Горького Российской академии наук, 121069, г. Москва, ул. Поварская, д. 25а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandr E. Makhov, Dr. of Sci. (Philology), professor</p><p>Russian State University for the Humanities, bld. 6, Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125993; A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, bld. 25a, Povarskaya st., Moscow, 121069</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makhov636@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский государственный гуманитарный  университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian State University for the Humanities</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Махов А.Е., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Махов А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makhov A.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/667">https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/667</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируется связь между средневековыми теориями гнева и репрезентациями этой эмоции в жестово-мимических системах. Средневековая теория эмоций различает два вида гнева: греховный и праведный. Первый трактуется как неконтролируемая эмоция, которую нельзя скрыть: она обязательно находит выражение во внешних признаках, каталоги которых создавались, вслед за Сенекой, средневековыми авторами. Гуго Сен-Викторский, выделивший шесть модусов жестов, связанных с пороками, определил модус гневливости как «бурный» (turbidus). Гнев не только искажает лицо, но и заставляет руки блуждать, делая их «беспокойными» (Мартин Бражский). Таким образом, в греховном гневе мимика полностью соответствует жестике; их «гармония» позволяет условно обозначить эту жестово-мимическую систему как естественную.</p><p>Концепция праведного гнева включает моменты, по сути своей противоположные естественному представлению о гневе. Так, Лактанций внедряет в состав гнева идею милости; Августин - идею спокойствия; Фома Аквинский - идею кротости. Христианская теория праведного гнева оказывается своего рода эмоциональным оксюмороном, а его жестово-мимическую систему также можно трактовать как оксюморон: на уровне жестики праведный гнев сохраняет агрессивность, однако его мимика миролюбива и спокойна, в полном противоречии жестике. Эта оксюморонная жестово-мимическая система доминирует (с некоторыми исключениями) при изображении праведного гнева до Нового времени, когда и праведные персонажи (архангел Михаил, Иисус Христос) начинают всё чаще проявлять свой гнев не только в жестике, но и в соответствующей мимике.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyzes the relationship between medieval theories of anger and representations of that emotion through manual and facial gestures. The medieval theory of emotions drew a distinction between two kinds of anger, sinful and righteous. The first was interpreted as an uncontrollable emotion that could not be hidden: it necessarily manifests itself in gestures and facial expressions, the catalogues of which were created by Seneca and some medieval authors following Seneca. Hugo of Saint-Victor, who singled out six modes of gestures associated with vices, defined the mode of anger as "turbulent" (turbidus). The anger not only distorts the face, but also causes the hands to move, making them "restless" (Martin of Braga). In sinful anger, thus, facial expressions fully correspond with manual gestures. The "harmony" of the facial and manual gestures makes it possible to nominally denote that gesture system as a natural one. The concept of righteous anger incorporates some ideas which by their very essence are opposite to the "natural" notion of anger. Thus, Lactantius associated the anger with the idea of mercy, Augustine associated it with the idea of tranquility and Thomas Aquinas - with the idea of meekness. The Christian theory of righteous anger turned out to be a kind of emotional oxymoron; the gesture system of such anger can also be interpreted as oxymoron: at the level of manual gestures righteous anger retains aggressiveness, but facial expression of this anger is peaceful and calm, in complete contradiction to manual gestures. This oxymoronic gesture system had dominated (with some exceptions) when depicting righteous anger until the New Age, when even righteous characters (Archangel Michael, Jesus Christ) began to increasingly show their anger not only in manual gestures, but also in appropriate facial expression.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гнев греховный и праведный</kwd><kwd>жестика и мимика гнева</kwd><kwd>эмоциональный оксюморон</kwd><kwd>Сенека</kwd><kwd>Григорий Великий</kwd><kwd>Александр Некам</kwd><kwd>Пруденций</kwd><kwd>Лактанций</kwd><kwd>Августин</kwd><kwd>Фома Аквинский</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anger sinful and righteous</kwd><kwd>manual and facial gestures of anger</kwd><kwd>emotional oxymoron</kwd><kwd>Seneca</kwd><kwd>Gregory the Great</kwd><kwd>Alexander Neckam</kwd><kwd>Prudentius</kwd><kwd>Lactantius</kwd><kwd>Augustine</kwd><kwd>Thomas Aquinas</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hugo de S. 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