<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">history</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">ВЕСТНИК РГГУ. Серия «Литературоведение. Языкознание. Культурология»</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RSUH/RGGU Bulletin: “Literary Teory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies”, Series</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-6355</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RSUH</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.28995/2686-7249-2020-1-26-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">history-797</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мотив как форма репрезентации исторической памяти: Скандинавы в Восточной Европе в IX–X вв. в отражении древнеисландских викингских саг</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Motif as a form of the representation of historical memory: Scandinavians in Eastern Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries as depicted in the Old Icelandic ‘Viking sagas’</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена А. Мельникова, доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>119334, Москва, Ленинский пр., д. 32а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Melnikova, Dr. of Sci. (History), chief research fellow</p><p>bld. 32a, Leninskii Av., Moscow, 119334</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">melnikova_2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельникова Е.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельникова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnikova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/797">https://history.rsuh.ru/jour/article/view/797</self-uri><abstract><p>Исландские королевские и родовые, но прежде всего «викингские» саги, повествуя о скандинавах в Восточной Европе и на Руси, в большинстве случаев основываются на сюжетных мотивах – стереотипных рассказах о деяниях героя. Особенно ярко эта особенность проявляется в «викингских» сагах, герои многих из которых оказываются в «Гардарики», сражаясь с местным конунгом или поступая к нему на службу, женясь на его дочери или вдове и становясь в итоге «конунгами Гардарики». Эти мотивы, при всей их распространенности (например, мотив героического сватовства), вероятно, не случайно связаны с Восточной Европой: само их возникновение и закрепление в повествовательной традиции отражает в обобщенно-типизированной форме деятельность скандинавов в Поволховье (скандинавском «ярлстве, которое принадлежит Ладоге») VIII– IX вв. – времени формирования и функционирования Ладожско-Ильменской политии, во главе которой стояли «конунги Гардарики».</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Old Icelandic Kings’ and Family, but primarily Viking sagas base many of their stories about Scandinavians in Eastern Europe and in Rus’ on narrative motifs, i.e. stereotyped tales about the deeds of the hero. This feature is especially characteristic of Viking sagas. Most of their heroes find themselves in Gardariki (in this case only the north-western part of Eastern Europe) where they fight local rulers or enter their service, marry the wife/widow or the daughter of the local ruler and eventually become ‘konungs of Gardariki’ themselves. Though these are common narrative motifs, their consistent localisation in Eastern Europe seems to suggest that their emergence and secure place in the Old Norse narrative tradition reflect the activities of Scandinavians in the Ladoga region (according to one of the sagas, the ‘jarldom that belongs to Ladoga’) in the 8th and 9th centuries, the time of the consolidation and functioning of the Ladoga-Il’men’ polity under the rule of Scandinavian ‘konungs’. The past is thus represented in the form of narrative motifs based on recurrent events.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>викингские саги</kwd><kwd>репрезентация прошлого</kwd><kwd>сюжетный мотив</kwd><kwd>Гардарики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Viking sagas</kwd><kwd>representation of the past</kwd><kwd>motif</kwd><kwd>Gardariki</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья выполнена при поддержке РФФИ, грант № 18-09-00433-18 «Репрезентация прошлого в раннем историописании Древней Руси и Скандинавии: сравнительное исследование»</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-09-00433-18, “Representation of the Past in early historywriting in Ancient Rus’ and Scandinavia: А comparative study”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ассман 2004 – Ассман Я. Культурная память: Письмо, память о прошлом и политическая идентичность в высоких культурах древности / Пер. М.М. Сокольской. М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2004. 368 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson, Th.М. (2008), “From Tradition to Literature in the Sagas”, Mundal, E. and Wellendorf, J. (ed.), Oral Art Forms and their Passage into Writing, Museum Tusculanum, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 7–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 1996 – Глазырина Г.В. Исландские викингские саги о Северной Руси. Тексты, перевод, комментарий (Древнейшие источники по истории Восточной Европы). М.: Ладомир, 1996. 236 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assmann, J. (1992), Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. Verlag C.H. Beck, München, Germany.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 1997 – Глазырина Г.В. «Конунги Руси» в сагах о древних временах // Первые Скандинавские чтения: Этнографические и культурно-исторические аспекты / Отв. ред. Т.А. Шрадер. СПб.: МАЭ РАН, 1997. С. 26–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assmann, J. (2004), Kul’turnaya pamyat’: Pis’mo, pamyat’ o proshlom i politicheskaya identichnost’ v vysokih kul’turah drevnosti [Cultural memory: writing, memory about the past and political identity in high cultures of Antiquity], transl. M.M. Sokol’skaya, Yazyki slavyanskoi kul’tury, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 2000 – Глазырина Г.В. Формирование устной традиции: Сюжет о походе русов на Берда‘а в восточных памятниках и рассказ «Саги об Ингваре» о гибели скандинавов на Востоке // Восточная Европа в древности и средневековье: Историческая память и формы ее воплощения. XII Чтения памяти чл.-корр. АН СССР В.Т. Пашуто. М.: ИВИ РАН, 2000. С. 155–165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bouet, P. (2016), Rollon: Le chef viking qui fonda la Normandie. Tallander, Paris, France.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 2001 – Глазырина Г.В. Правители Руси (Обзор древнескандинавских источников // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы, 1999 год. М.: Восточная литература, 2001. С. 143–159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byock, J.L. (2004), “Social Memory and the Sagas: The Case of Egils saga”, Scandinavian Studies, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 299–315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 2002 – Глазырина Г.В. Сага об Ингваре Путешественнике. Текст, перевод, комментарий. М.: Восточная литература, 2002. 464 с. (Древнейшие источники по истории Восточной Европы)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clunies Ross, M. (1993), “The development of Old Norse textual worlds: genealogical structure as a principle of literary organization in early Iceland”, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 372–385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазырина 2013 – Глазырина Г.В. Саги о древних временах // Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников / Отв. ред. Е.А. Мельникова. 2-е изд. М.: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2013. С. 514–515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremenko, A.B. (2009), Vikingskie sagi kak istochnik dlya izucheniya eticheskikh predstavlenij v Islandii XIII–XV vv. [The Viking sagas as a source for the study of ethic notions in Iceland, 13th–15th centuries], PhD Thesis, Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуревич 1972 – Гуревич А.Я. История и сага. М.: Наука, 1972. 202 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (1996), Islandskie vikingskie sagi o Severnoi Rusi. Teksty, perevod, kommentarii [Icelandic ‘Viking sagas’ on Northern Rus’. Texts, translation, commentaries], Ladomir, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаксон 1991 – Джаксон Т.Н. Исландские королевские саги как источник по истории Древней Руси и ее соседей: Х–XIII вв. // Древнейшие государства на территории СССР: 1988–1989 годы. М.: Наука, 1991. С. 5–169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (1997), The konungs of Rus’ in Fornaldarsögur”, Shrader, T.A. (ed.), Pervye Skandinavskie chteniya: Etnograficheskie i kul’turno-istoricheskie aspekty. Muzei antropologii i etnografii RAN, Saint Peterburg, Russia, pp. 26–31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Древнейшие государства 2004 – Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 2002 год / Отв. ред. И.Г. Коновалова. М.: Восточная литература, 2004. 374 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (2000), “Formirovanie ustnoi traditsii: Syuzhet o pokhode rusov na Berda‘a v vostochnykh pamyatnikakh i rasskaz «Sagi ob Ingvare» o gibeli skandinavov na Vostoke” [The formation of oral tradition: the tale about the expedition of the Rus’ on Berda‘a in Oriental sources and the story of Yngvar’s Saga about the death of Scandinavians in the Orient], Vostochnaya Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekov’e: Istoricheskaya pamyat’ i formy ee voploshcheniya. XII Chteniya pamyati chl.-korr. AN SSSR V.T. Pashuto, Institute of World History RAN, Moscow, Russia, pp. 155–165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еременко 2009 – Еременко А.Б. Викингские саги как источник для изучения этических представлений в Исландии XIII–XV вв.: Автореф. дис. … канд. ист. наук. М.: ИВИ РАН, 2009. 24 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (2001), “‘The rulers of Rus’ (The survey of Old Scandinavian sources)”, Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy, 1999 god, Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow, Russia, pp. 143–159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалова, Мельникова 2018 – Коновалова И.Г., Мельникова Е.А. Древняя Русь в системе евразийских коммуникаций (IX–X вв.). М.: Весь мир, 2018. 276 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (2002), Saga ob Ingvare Puteshestvennike. Tekst, perevod, kommentarii [Yngvars saga víðförla. Text, translation, commentaries], Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2002 – Мельникова Е.А. Шведские рунические надписи в честь участников похода Ингвара // Глазырина Г.В. Сага об Ингваре Путешественнике. Текст, перевод, комментарий. М.: Восточная литература, 2002. С. 169–189. (Древнейшие источники по истории Восточной Европы)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyrina, G.V. (2013), Sagi o drevnikh vremenakh [“Sagas of ancient times”], Melnikova E.A. (ed.), Drevnyaya Rus’ v svete zarubezhnykh istochnikov, 2nd ed., Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, Moscow, Russia, pp. 514–515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2005 – Мельникова Е.А. Сюжет смерти героя «от коня» в древнерусской и древнескандинавской традициях // От Древней Руси к новой России. Юбилейный сборник, посвященный члену-корреспонденту РАН Я.Н. Щапову. М.: Паломнический центр Московского Патриархата, 2005. С. 95–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurevich, A.Ya. (1972), Istoriya i saga [History and saga], Nauka, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2012 – Мельникова Е.А. Германский героический эпос в средневековой Скандинавии: актуализация традиции // Самые забавные лживые саги: Сборник статей в честь Г.В. Глазыриной / Под ред. Т.Н. Джаксон, Е.А. Мельниковой. М.: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2012. С. 122–137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halbwachs, M. (1950), The Collective Memory, Transl. by F.J. Ditter, Jr. and V.Y. Ditter, Harper &amp; Row, New York, 1980 (1st ed.: La memoire collective, Paris, 1950).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2016 – Мельникова Е.А. Генеалогия и начала норвежско-исландского историописания // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 2013 год: Зарождение историописания в обществах Древности и Средневековья. М.: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2016. С. 464–526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halbwachs, M. (1992), On Collective Memory, Transl. by L.A. Coser, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1st ed.: Les cadres sociaux de la memoire. Paris, 1925).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельникова 2017 – Мельникова Е.А. Эпоха Владимира в древнескандинавской литературе // Русь эпохи Владимира Великого: государство, церковь, культура / Отв. ред. Н.А. Макаров, А.В. Назаренко. М.; Вологда: Древности Севера, 2017. С. 410–441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermann, P. (2013), “Saga Literature, Cultural Memory, and Storage”, Scandinavian Studies. The journal of the Society for the advancement of Scandinavian studies, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 332–354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson 2008 – Anderson Th.М. From Tradition to Literature in the Sagas // Oral Art Forms and their Passage into Writing / Ed. by E. Mundal, J. Wellendorf. Museum Tusculanum, Copenhagen, 2008. P. 7–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermann, P., Mitchell, St. A. and Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir (eds.) (2014), Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture, Brepols, Turnhout, Belgium.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assmann 1992 – Assmann J. Das Kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und Politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Interrogating Genre in the Fornaladarsögur. Round Table Discussion (2006), Viking and Мedieval Scandinavia, vol. 2. pp. 275–296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bouet 2016 – Bouet P. Rollon: Le chef viking qui fonda la Normandie. Paris: Tallander, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakson, T.N. (1991), “Icelandic Kings’ Sagas as a source for the history of Ancient Rus’ and its neighbours, 10-13 centuries”, Drevneishie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR. 1988–1989 gody, Nauka, Moscow, pp. 5–169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Byock 2004 – Byock J.L. Social Memory and the Sagas: The Case of Egils saga // Scandinavian Studies. 2004. Vol. 76, № 3. P. 299–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova, I.G. (ed.) (2004), Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy. 2002, Vostochnaya literatura, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clunies Ross 1993 – Clunies Ross M. The development of Old Norse textual worlds: genealogical structure as a principle of literary organization in early Iceland // The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 1993. Vol. 92. № 3. P. 372–385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalova, I.G. and Melnikova, E.A. (2018), Drevnyaya Rus’ v sisteme evraziiskih kommunikacii (IX–X vv.) [Ancient Rus’ in the system of Eurasian communications, 9-10 centuries], Ves’ mir, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halbwachs 1950 – Halbwachs M. The Collective Memory / Transl. by F.J. Ditter, Jr. and V.Y. Ditter. New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1980 (1st ed.: La memoire collective, Paris, 1950).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsson, M.G. (1990), Runstenar och utlandsfärder. Aspekter på det senvikingatida samhället med utgångspunkt i de fasta fornlämningarna, Almqvist &amp; Wiksell intern., Lund, Sweden.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halbwachs 1992 – Halbwachs M. On Collective Memory / Transl. by L.A. Coser. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 (1st ed.: Les cadres sociaux de la memoire. Paris, 1925).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lassen, A., Ney, A. and Ármann Jakobsson (eds.) (2012), The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development, University of Iceland Press, Reykjavík, Iceland.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermann 2013 – Hermann P. Saga Literature, Cultural Memory, and Storage // Scandinavian Studies. The journal of the Society for the advancement of Scandinavian studies. 2013. Vol. 85. № 3. P. 332–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lind, J.H. (2012), “’Vikings’, vikingetid og vikingeromantik”, Kuml, pp. 151–170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Interrogating Genre 2006 – Interrogating Genre in the Fornaladarsögur. Round Table Discussion // Viking and Мedieval Scandinavia. 2006. Vol. 2. P. 275–296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McTurk, R. (1981), Studies in Ragnars saga loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues (Medium Ævum Monographs, New Series 15), Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature, Oxford, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsson 1990 – Larsson M.G. Runstenar och utlandsfärder. Aspekter på det senvikingatida samhället med utgångspunkt i de fasta fornlämningarna. Lund: Almqvist &amp; Wiksell, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E. (2000), “The Death in the Horse’s Skull: The Interaction of Old Russian and Old Norse Literary Traditions”, Hansson S. and Malm M. (eds.), Gudar på jorden. Festskrift till Lars Lönnroth, Brutus Östlings bokförlag, Eslöv, pp. 152–168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lassen 2012 – Lassen A., Ney A. and Ármann Jakobsson. The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development. Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2002), “Shvedskie runicheskie nadpisi v chest’ uchastnikov pokhoda Ingvara” [Swedish runic inscriptions in honour of the participants of Ingvar’s expedition], Glazyrina G.V. Saga ob Ingvare Puteshestvennike. Tekst, perevod, kommentarij. Vostochnaja literature, Moscow, pp. 169–189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lind 2012 – Lind J.H. “Vikings”, vikingetid og vikingeromantik // Kuml, 2012. P. 151–170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2005), “Motif of the hero’s death ‘from his horse’ in Old Russian and Old Scandinavian traditions”, Ot Drevnei Rusi k novi Rossii. Yubileinyi sbornik, posvyashchennyi chlenu-korrespondentu RAN Ya.N.  Shchapovu, Palomnicheskii tsentr Moskovskogo Patriarkhata, Moscow, pp. 95–108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McTurk 1981 – McTurk R. Studies in Ragnars saga loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues (Medium Ævum Monographs, New Series 15), Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature. Oxford, 1981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2012), “Germanic heroic epics in Medieval Scandinavia: Actualization of the tradition”, Jakson T.N. and Melnikova E.A. (eds.), Samye zabavnye lzhivye sagi: Sbornik statei v chest’ G.V. Glazyrinoi, Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, Moscow, Russia, pp. 122–137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melnikova 2000 – Melnikova E. The Death in the Horse’s Skull: The Interaction of Old Russian and Old Norse Literary Traditions // Gudar på jorden. Festskrift till Lars Lönnroth / Ed. by S. Hansson and M. Malm. Eslöv: Brutus Östlings bokförlag, 2000. P. 152–168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2016), “Genealogy and the beginnings of Norwegian-Icelandic history-writing”, Guimon, T.V. (ed.), Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy. 2013 god: Zarozhdenie istoriopisaniya v obshchestvakh Drevnosti i Srednevekov’ya, Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo, MoscowRussia, pp. 464–526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermann, Mitchell and Agnes Arnórsdóttir 2014 – Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture / Ed. by P. Hermann, St.A. Mitchell and Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikova, E.A. (2017), “The age of Vladimir in Old Scandinavian literature”, Makarov, N.A. and Nazarenko, A.V. (eds.), Rus’ epohi Vladimira Velikogo: gosudarstvo, tserkov’, kul’tura, Drevnosti Severa, Moscow and Vologda, pp. 410–441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mundal 2004 – Mundal Е. Sagalitteraturen // Handbok i norrøn filologi / Ed. O.E. Haugen. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 2004 (repr. 2013).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mundal, Е. (2004), “Sagalitteraturen”, Haugen O.E. (ed.), Handbok i norrøn filologi, Fagbokforlaget, Bergen (repr. 2013).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters 1978 – Peters P. Scaldic Verse as a Historical Source // Parergon. Vol. 2. P. 29–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters, P. (1978), “Scaldic Verse as a Historical Source”, Parergon, vol. 2, pp. 29–37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scandinavian Studies 2013 – The journal of the Society for the advancement of Scandinavian studies. 2013. Vol. 85, no. 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scandinavian Studies. The journal of the Society for the advancement of Scandinavian studies (2013), vol. 85, no. 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spiegel 1983 – Spiegel G.M. Genealogy: Form and Function in Medieval Historical Narrative // History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History. 1983. Vol. XXII. P. 43–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spiegel, G.M. (1983), “Genealogy: Form and Function in Medieval Historical Narrative”, History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History, vol. XXII, pp. 43–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toorn 1963–64 – Toorn M.C. van den. Über die Ethic in den Fornaldarsagas // Acta philologica Scandinavica. 1963–1964. Vol. 26. P. 19–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toorn, M.C. van den (1963–64), “Über die Ethic in den Fornaldarsagas“, Acta philologica Scandinavica, vol. 26, pp. 19–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torfi H. Tulinius 2005 – Torfi H. Tulinius. Sagas of Icelandic Prehistory (Fornaldarsögur) // A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture / Ed. R. McTurk. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005. P. 447–461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torfi H. Tulinius (2005), “Sagas of Icelandic Prehistory (Fornaldarsögur)”, McTurk, R. (ed.), A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, pp. 447–461.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vansina 1985 – Vansina J. Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vansina, J. (1985), Oral Tradition as History, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vries 1977 – Vries J. de. Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Leiden: Brill, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vries, J. de. (1977), Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Brill, Leiden, Netherland.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
