Some thoughts on "naturalistic" style
https://doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2019-1-2-189-204
Abstract
This article is devoted to Simon Ushakov's icon of the Pantocrator created in 1662/63 (State Russian Museum). The author concentrates her attention on a new interpretation of the face of Christ. Its technical execution and facial type tell us that it is an example of "naturalistic" style. But in the author's opinion naturalistic iconography appeared in Russian art earlier than the new pictorial manner. Although the stylistic features of the Vladimir Mother of God painted by Ushakov in 1652 (State Tretiakov Gallery) are not new and reflect the main trends of Russian icon painting in the second quarter to the middle of the seventeenth century, the eyes of the Virgin already have an original form, with a stressed thickness of the lower eyelid and even with thin little eyelashes. In the fifties and sixties of the seventeenth century the row of eyelashes appears on Russian icons beyond Ushakov's physiognomic scheme, instead of their traditional depiction in silhouette. The icon of Christ is a classic example of naturalistic style. Even the clothes are painted in a new way, though later Ushakov will also follow the old manner of depicting them. Stylistic analysis provides a means of clarifying the origin of the «naturalistic» style.
About the Author
P. V. Zapadalova
State Russian Museum
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Polina V. Zapadalova, Cand. of Sci. (Art history)
bld. 4, Inzhenernaya str., St. Petersburg, 191186
References
1. Kazakevich TE. Iconostas of the St. Elijah church in Yaroslavl' and its masters. V: Monuments of the Russian Architecture and Art. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1980. p. 13-64. [In Russ.]
2. Simon Ushakov - The Tsar Isograph (icon-painter). Moscow: GTG, MRI Publ.; 2015. 528 p. [In Russ.]
3. Bychkov VV. Aesthetics in Russia of the 17 th century Moscow: Znanie Publ.; 1989. 64 p. [In Russ.]
4. Dictionary of Russian language of the 11 th -17 th centuries. Vol. 5 (E-Zinutie). Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1978. 395 p. [In Russ.]
5. Filimonov GD. Simon Ushakov and his epoch of Russian painting. V: Collection of the Society of Old Russian Art in 1873. Moscow: Universitetskaya tipografiya Publ.; 1873. p. 3-100. [In Russ.]
6. The Illuminated icon painting original. Vol. I. Iconography of the Lord God and Our Savior Jesus Christ. Saint-Petersburg: Tovarishchestvo R. Golike i A. Vil'borg Publ.; 1905. 97 p. [In Russ.]
7. Mneva NE. The art of the Tsardom of Muskovy. Second half of the 15 th -17 th century. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ.; 1965. 252 p. [In Russ.]
8. Bryusova VG. Russian painting of the 17 th century. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ.; 1984. 338 p. [In Russ.]
9. Lifshic LI. Iconographic model: Scheme or score. V: Batalov AL., Smirnova ES., comp., ed. Old Russian art. The idea and image. Experience of the study in Byzantine and ancient art. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, November 1-2, 2005. Moscow: Severnyi palomnik Publ.; 2009. p. 367-82. [In Russ.]
10. Buseva-Davydova IL. Simon Ushakov and Russian culture in the second half of the 17 th century. V: Simon Ushakov - The Tsar Isograph (icon-painter). Moscow: GTG, MRI Publ.; 2015. p. 10-23. [In Russ.]
11. Savina LN. Icon "The Savior on the throne with metropolitan Philip and patriarch Nikon" from the Moskow region museum of the local history. V: Monuments of Culture. New Discoveries. A Year-book. 1988. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1989. p. 233-45. [In Russ.]
12. Zapadalova PV. Simon Ushakov Icon "Lord the Savior" 1662/1663 and some problems of lifelike style. V: Seminarium Bulkinianum IV: Towards 80 th Anniversary of B.A. Bulkin. Saint Petersburg: Kalamos Publ.; 2017. p. 314-27. [In Russ.]
13. Komashko NI. Simon Ushakov and appearance of a new style in the Russian painting. V: Simon Ushakov - The Tsar Isograph (icon-painter). Moscow: GTG, MRI Publ.; 2015. p. 40-51. [In Russ.]
14. Sverdlova SV., Suhoverkov DN. Preliminary results of researches of painting technique in the works of Simon Ushakov. Simon Ushakov - The Tsar Isograph (icon-painter). Moscow: GTG, MRI Publ.; 2015. p. 460-83. [In Russ.]
15. Ovchinnikova ES. Iosif Vladimirov. Treatise on the art. V: Ancient Russian Art. 17 th century. Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 1964. p. 9-61. [In Russ.]
16. Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Iconostases. Catalogue. Moscow: GMMK Publ.; 2011. 400 p. [In Russ.]
17. Ostashenko EJa. The main iconostasis of the Dormition cathedral of 1653. V: Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Iconostases. Catalogue. Moscow: GMMK Publ.; 2011. p. 57-219. [In Russ.]
18. Ovchinnikova ES. Portrait in Russian art of the 17 th century. Materials and researches. Moscow: Iskusstvo Publ.; 1955. 139 p. [In Russ.]
19. Zapadalova PV. "The Holy Trinity and Scenes from the book of Genesis". Icon from the Troitse-Gledensky monastery. "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts". 2017; (2):168-202. [In Russ.]
20. Pavlenko AA. The court artists Vukhterses and "Portrait of Patriarch Nikon with the Clear" V: Kadashevsky Scientific Conference. Coll. of conference reports. M.: Lug dukhovnyi Publ,; 2015. Vol. VII. p. 181-97. [In Russ.]
Review
For citations:
Zapadalova P.V. Some thoughts on "naturalistic" style. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin: “Literary Teory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies”, Series. 2019;(1-2):189-204. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2019-1-2-189-204
Views:
289
Email this article 