The purpose of the article is to consider the income from the rent of the sacred lands in the Attica IV B.C. as a source for financing the religious celebrations in the Greek polis. The author analyses the inscriptions from the Attica in IV B.C. about transactions on the rent of the sacred lands.

The article is devoted to the questions of national politics in Hellenistic Egypt. The author demonstrates that administration reform, carried out in the beginning of the 2nd century BC, gave to native Egyptians an opportunity to enter the state administration.

The paper discusses the representation of the reign of Maximinus Thrax (235-238) in Greco-Roman historiography of the III-Vcenturies A.D. In the historical sources the reign of Maximinus Thraxis not presented as a significant turning point in Roman history. The authors, depicting Maximinus’s rule negatively, appraise other emperors of I-III A.D. significantly more severer. Thus the view of historians who question the concept that the crisis of the IIIrd century started in 235 seems reasonable.

The author of this article tries to examine the problem of the barbarian forces’s use in the politics of the Later Roman Empire. The sources analysis shows, that together with the frontiers defense against foreign enemies, as it happened in the past, some new feature appears as an involvement of barbarians into Rome internal affairs and first at all into power struggle. On pursuit of their personal ambitions Roman statesmen all too often did not stop at using barbarian detachments to the derogation of the state and empire population.

This article is dedicated to the letters of gallo-roman bishop of the Vth century A.D., G.S. Sidonius Apollinaris in old-printed books of the XV-XVIth centuries, which was found in Collection of Rare and Valuable Books of the Department of rare and valuable books (Museum of the Book) of the Russian State Library.

The article is devoted to analyse the influence of medieval historiography written in vernacular languages upon forming negative visions of Islam in the Latin Europe. The author emphasizes that such works had the greater audience than Latin texts, which were aimed at onky educated clergymen. The article contents a Russian translation of the cap. 1046 of the “Estoria de Espanna” (First general chronicle), which describes the capture of Cordoba by the army of Fernando III the Saint (1217-1252) the king of Castile and Leon in 1236.

The article is devoted to the image of Mohammed in “Primera Crónica General” of Spain. It analyses one of the episodes of the typical Spanish legend of Mohammed which tells about his preaching of Islam in Cordoba and the failed arrest of Mohammedon the orders of Isidore of Seville. This episode is taken from the “Chronicon mundi” by Lucas de Tuy. The work of Lucas is strongly anti-Islamic, and for its “moslem chapters” the chronicler uses it more than the “History of the Arabs” by Rodrigo of Toledo, despite the fact that the work of Rodrigo is based on Arabic sources, and is more authentic. This leads to the conclusion about principles of historical writing at the court of King Alfonso X. It seems that the story of Isidore and Mohammed had to indicate to readers and listeners that the confrontation of Islam and Christianity in Spain had a very ancient tradition.

This article is devoted to the analysis of administrative structure of the University of St Andrews at the initial stage of its development (the XV - the first quarter of the XVI century) and its comparison with European practices of the late Middle Ages. The University of St Andrews, in accordance with European traditions, followed an example of the oldest university - that of Paris. However, in the first century of its existence, it was far from taken patterns and had great difficulty with regard to ordering its inner life. At the same time it resembled most European universities of the late Middle Ages not only in the area of the organizational structure, but also with respect to its vicissitudes.

The article is focused on comparative analysis of a concept of the enemy of revolution as it was represented by two of its leaders, Oliver Cromwell and Maximilian Robespierre. The comparison is based on such sources as their speeches, letters and journalistic works. The article’s author reconstructs two separated by more than a century landscapes of revolutionary society in terms of its division into supporters and opponents of the revolution. The article centers on the transformation of the “enemy” category that had occurred during the period between the two revolutions, on the specific revolutionary “enemy classification” and on the place of the named category in general revolutionary power.

The main subject of the article is a structure of presentation of colonial news in the German Empire periodicals in the end of XIX century. This colonies acquired by the Empire in late 1880th became gradually an important issue in internal and foreign politics, therefore colonies often and often appeared as the subject of periodical press. The estimation of importance of colonies for state was variable for conservative press and depended on current situation and editorial course, and also on public interests in colonial news.

At the turn of XIX-XX centuries the Slavic peoples of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy sought to establish their own national universities. The subject of study in this article is a struggle of Czech intellectuals for opening the National University in Moravia. The study is based on materials of the press and publicism. It reveals an important aspect of the independence movement - the formation of National Education.

The article is devoted to the features of political activity and organizational structure of the mass nationalist organizations in Germany in the reign of Wilhelm II. The German Navy League, the Pan-German League and the Fatherland Party were chosen as samples of such organizations. Some new sources are introduced into use for the first time, and another archival materials are involved anew into research concerning these organisations.

The article refers to the Max Weber’s theory of the “ideal type” as approach to cognition of the historical reality in the era of the rationalization of society at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Max Weber defined that period as a transition of sciences to a greater specialization and suggested application of the concept of “ideal types” using cognitive tools of natural sciences. This allows to assess Weber’s cognitive approach as a multidisciplinary project.

This article is devoted to the image of the enemy, shown on pages of the German Empire military elite memoirs. The research of the Entente image is based on the memoirs of Erich Ludendorff, Paul von Hindenburgand Alfred von Tirpitz. They are used for studying German military command’s vision of the Entente and its members. Particular attention is paid to the intellectual background of the era, emotional, social andpersonal perception of the enemy, particularity of the images by each of memoirists, as well as methods of their construction. The article discusses the similarities and the differences in the enemy images of Ludendorff, Hindenburg and Tirpitz, and the subjective factors by which they were caused. It also reveals the dependence of the images from the social affiliation of the authors to a particular caste and branch of troops.

The article discusses the role of historians in the national socialist state and society basing on the work of the historical Commission of the Reichsfuhrer SS. Special attention is paid to the goals assigned to the Commission within the framework of the political process both prior to and after the Anschluss of Austria. The author also examines the role of professional historians in the work of the historical Commission, their goals, objectives, and the results of their work.