The article discusses the issue of dialogical cliches of Internet communication, which takes an increasingly significant place in everyday communication of modern man. The analysis was carried out on the material of comments on the musical stream on the YouTube channel with more than three million subscribers, which indicates the mass of the observed facts. Given modern ideas about speech cliches, their semantic and discursive capabilities, as well as stream as a new hypermedia genre observations on cliched remarks in the comments, their typology is revealed, novelty and specificity are evaluated. So, it turns out that primarily replicas of self -presentation, gratitude and assessments are clicked. The role of a streamer is noted, which not only leads a dialogue, but also sets the vocabulary, some rules of communication and, in particular, offers replicas that are picked up by the audience, getting the opportunity to become dialogical cliches. Although the stream material does not allow making global generalizations about cliches in Internet communications, it can be concluded that for it the formation of new clichés ones and the demand for classic ones is characteristic, as for colloquial speech, while the actual composition of the clicked replicas is set by the content of the stream and the conditions of communication, the most important of which one should recognize the nature of the relationship between the streamer and the spectators who become commentators.

The article addresses the issue of the cognitive-pragmatic approach to the complimentary expressive influctive speech acts. We aim to identify structural models for constructing these statements and the conceptual/cognitive structures underlying them. We argue that a compliment by its nature is a clichéd speech act. We also argue that a compliment has an ambivalent nature and can be used not only with the intention of praise and respect as an element of etiquette, but also with the intention of flattery, correlating with the axiological binary opposition “truth – lie”. In that case, compliment will be involved in the manipulation process. We state that a compliment forms the basis for the category of influctivity due to the fact that it contains emotional and evaluative vocabulary. If a compliment is used with the intention of flattery, the epistemic guarantee is lost, which leads to a manipulative effect on the addressee. During the analysis, the most frequent syntactic models are identified, confirming the clichéd nature of compliments. We draw on the English language material analysis. We prove that flattering compliments are based on a configuration of frames such as “manipulation, trust, control, comfort”, etc. Within such configuration there is a dynamic interaction based on the mechanisms of conceptual projection.

The main focus of the article is the verbal formulation of the modern speech act of apology in the Russian linguaculture. We analyzed the most frequent apology clichés, among which there are both conventional and customary imperative and borrowed. The article also considers the specifics of the speech genre of apology and its popular in recent years implementation of the video apology. On-camera apologizing arises as one of the genres of modern online publicity. They are ritualized: in public apologies there are persistent repetitive speech clichés, monologues or dialogues are built according to a certain pattern. Speech clichés become an attribute of apologies due to the standardization of the speech act itself, and can be chosen «automatically» as the ready and most suitable language. We analyzed two video apologies: dialogical and monological, and their distinctive features.

In compiling a dictionary of paralinguistic units, it is important to study the behavior of those units in a dialogue. The main focus of the paper is exactly on that behavior .The article demonstrates that Russian paralinguistic units are used in initial and response dialogue replicas. Of the three main categories of paralinguistic units the work considers two. They are single sounds or sequences of sounds that do not belong to the natural language but which in a specific act of communication can acquire meaning. Besides, authors consider linguocultural emotional complexes and some instrumental sounds that accompany certain actions, often together with their linguistic designations.

It is shown that paralinguistic replicas in a dialogue have two or more functions: they serve to convey information and are also a means of maintaining dialog, i.e. a marker of phatic communication. The article describes the behavior of many paralinguistic units in dialogues of various types, the semantics of those units as well as their functions in initial and response replicas. The paper sets some important theoretical and practical tasks related to paraa linguistic units of the Russian language. It is argued that without solving those issues, it is difficult to build a good dictionary of Russian paralanguage units.

The article considers the frequency speech formulas used in communication in social networks. Among such stereotypes the author considers not only fixed expressions but also constructions acting as a base for various clichés (e.g. Noun in genitive + post: blagodarnosti post [post of gratitude], materinskoi gordosti post [post of motherly pride]; Infinitive construction + ‘done’: vyiti iz doma v raznyh botinkah [to leave the house in different shoes] – done). Many of the described stereotype expressions are originated from memes and jokes but with frequent use the humorous component is lost and they become a part of virtually the neutral register.

The network clichés originate from various sources. Some emerge from the English Internet-discourse and are used in Russian translation (Tot nelovkii moment kogda [That awkward moment]; Ia prosto ostavlu eto zdes’ [I’ll just leave this here]); some abbreviation are preserved as they were in English (UPD, TWIMC). Others mockingly reproduce the style of Russia newspapers (hozaike na zametku, nabludeniia za zhivoi prirodoi, etc.).

Such speech formulas are not obligatory but they help the reader to get their bearings straight and identify the style of the consequent post, whether it will be an announcement, a request or a question. They make it possible to predict the nature of the post, be it everyday notes or lengthy philosophical speculations (or, as they are called in the social media, dybr or longread).

The work is a second part of the study in specific features of functioning of ты-/Вы- (you/polite You, both 2^nd person singular) forms in the Russian language. In particular, the specifics of clichéd constructions with such forms in the dialogue are investigated and their contextual meanings are revealed. In some cases, a comparative analysis of the Russian and Italian languages is carried out, the results of which may be of interest for the practice in teaching foreign languages, primarily when teaching translation. Particular attention is paid to the translation issues for the constructions under consideration into Italian, since the transmission of expressive meanings into a foreign language presents significant difficulties.

The work was carried out in line with the grammar of dialogue, the initial concept of which is interaction – the act of exchanging speech actions of its participants. The speech actions of the interlocutors can include dialogical cliché, which express, in particular, the attitude to the reported content, the comments on the interlocutor’s opinion, emotional appraisal. The paper aims to investigate the use of a dialogical cliché “Ne to slovo!” (‘Wrong word!’) in comparison with two other similar expressions “Ne govori(te)” (‘Don’t tell me!’), “Da uzh” (‘Yes indeed’). All three expressions are discursive formulas of the speaker’s agreement with the opinion expressed by the interlocutor. However, their peculiarity is that formally the first two are designed as negative remarks of refutation or prohibition, but imply confirmation of the general meaning of the previous statement, while the third, containing a confirmation marker, assumes the presence of a negative and ironic connotation. For choosing an appropriate cliché, it is important to evaluate the content of the previous message as positive or negative. An experimental pilot study on the restoration of missing cliché, based on the material of dialogue texts, allows to refine those observations.

The paper reveals the specifics of the functioning of speech cliches in religious Internet communication. The research material used is collective written petitions drawn up on behalf of Orthodox churches, monasteries, orphanages, shelters, etc. and posted on the website of the Russian Birch Charitable Foundation, as well as personal requests for help, authored by participants of Orthodox forums on the sites ABC of Faith, Orthodoxy and Peace, Gazebo, etc. It is shown that in written collective and personal requests for help posted on the Internet, stable standard units are used, correlated with the speech genres “appeal”, “compliment” and “gratitude”. The composition of cliched expressions is determined primarily by the normative recommendations of Orthodox speech etiquette and includes linguistic units that explicate religious semantics. The use of speech formulas, which are common for everyday and business communication, is also noted. The speech genre of “appeal” is presented both in collective letters of petition and in personal requests for help. The speech genre of “compliment” is relevant for letters of petition and is reproduced in them without exception, whereas in personal requests for help it is pushed out by the genre of “gratitude”.

The paper analyzes on the corpus material the comparative-evaluative construction <Р v podmetki (ne) *goditsya N₃>, in which P is the object at the origin of comparison, and N₃ is the component to which the object is compared: my (Р) emu (N₃) v podmetki ne godimsya. The attention in the article is focused on the verb godit’sya, which retains its entire inflectional paradigm within the construction, up to the participle form (napast’ na ikhn’yuyu khimicheskuyu kolu, v podmetki ne godyashchuyusya kvasu). The verb component in the construction can be considered as a slot, which allows the use of other verbs with the particle nе and with similar semantics (ne sgodit’sya, ne stat’, ne idti, ne vystupat’, ne katit’). The analysis also revealed cases of verb omission without changing the general comparative-evaluative meaning characteristic of the construction in question: vse ostal’noe po khudozhestvennomu razmakhu v podmetki ne:) Contexts in which there is no negation with the verb have been found. It can be shifted from the verb to the first object (ne mnogie godyatsya v podmetki), or the absence of negation forms a rhetorical question, with a hypothetical answer to which the semantics of the inferiority of one object before the other is preserved. The analysis of such constructions is important not only for Russian studies (grammar of speech and grammar of constructions), but also in the practice of translation and teaching Russian as a foreign language.

The functioning of the word samyj is considered in the article using the fan scaling technique, which allows one to see the action of such active processes of oral speech as grammaticalization, resemantization, idiomatization, and pragmaticalization. The study focuses on three rounds of idiomatization, which this technique reveals. In the first round (IDIOM¹) of idiomatization, the form of the superlative undergoes idiomatization, itself having become the result of the process of grammaticalization: samoe plevoe delo, v samom chernom vide. In the second round (IDIOM²), the pronoun samyj in combination with nouns, adverbs, verbs, interjections, and even with idioms becomes a component of an adverbial or other stable expression: po samuyu sheyu, po samoe pokorno blagodaryu. Finally, the third round of idiomatization (IDIOM³) is observed after the combination eto samoe has undergone pragmaticalization and started to realize the functions of hesitation, self-correction, a starting boundary marker, and some others in oral discourse. In fact, here we deal with a set expression, typical only for spoken language and expressing in different contexts a different, often hard-to-define, meaning. Observations over corpus material show that the construction like eto samoe (in different grammatical forms) without the sought-after noun has a distinctly conversational character and is found both in oral speech and in its imitations in artistic texts. The findings might be useful both in theoretical (colloquialistics and cognitive science) and in practical (teaching RFL and translation practice) aspects.

The work, based on corpus material, considers the functioning of the unit tipa tam in Russian oral everyday speech, which is a combination of two pragmatic markers (PM): the verbal hesitatives tipa and tam. Both markers are clearly multifunctional: PM tipa, in addition to the main function of hesitation, can also introduce someone else’s speech into the narrative (xeno-marker), and (less often) act as a delimiter, approximator and rhythmforming marker. PM tam, in addition to hesitation, can also act as a rhythmforming marker and (less often) a xeno-marker. The sources of material for the analysis were the spoken corpora of the Russian National Corpus and the oral corpus “One Speech Day”. The analysis showed that the main functions of the combination tipa tam can be recognized as hesitation, approximation, and input of someone else’s speech. The rhythm-forming function, inherent separately to each component of the combination, is not relevant for combining them – due to the too long length in the syllables of the resulting unit. It seems that the results of the study can be useful for a comprehensive analysis of oral discourse within the framework of colloquialism, in the practice of translating the speech of characters in Russian literary texts into other languages, as well as in the practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Keywords: pragmatic marker, speech cliche, Russian speech, hesitation, approximation, xeno-marker

The article deals with the description of the usage peculiarities in Russian everyday discourse of a number of prepositional-case structural unitsconstructions – forms-idioms (FId) (v kajf – ne v kajf, v mast’ – ne v mast’, k dobru – ne k dobru, v dukhe – ne v dukhe, v sebe – ne v sebe). The analysis of the corpus material showed that some similar pairs of forms-idioms are real antonyms (v kajf – ne v kajf, v mast’ – ne v mast’), and in other pairs of FId the presence or absence of a negative particle changes not just semantics (plus to minus), but also grammar: Okh/ ne k dobru eto (predicate) – Cho-to zhivot ne k dobru pobalivayet (addition) – odna i ta zhe osobennost’ l’va mozhet tolkovat’sya <....> i k dobru/ i ko zlu (circumstance). It no longer allows considering such pairs as antonymous. Sometimes the elimination of a negative particle generally takes the word form beyond the framework of forms-idioms: segodnya cho-to ne v dukhe on (FId, predicate) – kak raz eto v dukhe Srednevekov’ya (preposition, part of the predicate). The study was conducted on the basis of materials from the corpus of Russian everyday speech “One Speech Day” (base material) and the oral subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (additional material).

The article analyzes the current problematic of dialogic cliché. Such type of phraseological language units is a sort of syntactic phraseologisms – so called phraseological schemes, the undivided communicative units. Their peculiarity of dialogic clichés of that type lies in the pronoun inclusions they contain, which stipulate certain specificity of such units. These language units are nowаdays subjects of lexicographical, dictionaries’ description. In the article the attention is paid to the parts of such phraseological units, e. g. the forms of Dativus Ethicus) in Slavic languages which succeed the Latin tradition, so that they are included into morphologic paradigms of pronouns. Such way they gain the status of grammar units, but not dictionary ones. On the base of the analysis it is asserted that apparent contradiction in the interpretation and qualification of such structures as objects of dictionary description and, at the same time, elements of grammar is caused by practical convenience and the existing pragmatics of their grammatical and linguodidactic description as the members of morphologic paradigms. In the central position are the issues of interpretation and qualification of such structures, differences of their types, the degree of their phraseological and grammatical content. In the article the material of Russian and some other Slavic languages is used.

The article, based on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NRC), compares the use of the Russian idiom v nikuda ‘to nowhere’ as poeticism, on the one hand, and a colloquial cliché, on the other. The unit under study arose as a poetism in the beginning 20^th century and is found in the works of poets of all directions and schools, including Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Slutsky, Genrikh Sapgir, Joseph Brodsky, Boris Ryzhy, etc. Having penetrated since the 1930s. into colloquial speech and everyday discourse, it develops the function of colloquial cliché, while continuing to be actively used in the function of poetism. The task was set to study the semantics of the unit in both cases. The analysis of the poetic and oral subcorpora of the NRC showed that the semantic potential of the idiom is realized in both cases in a very different way. The realization of the semantic potential of the idiom in poetic texts is much more diverse and complex; semantic parallels between the colloquial and poetic use of the idiom are practically not identified. Thus, the semantic potential of the idiom v nikuda ‘to nowhere’ allowed it to function consistently as poeticism, despite its use in colloquial speech.substantiation of adverbs.

The article discusses the connotative meanings of the gender stereotype “a real man” and the pragmatic peculiarities of its usage. The work reflects the definition issue of “gender,” “stereotype”, and “gender stereotypes”. The key gender and stereotype points in discourse are considered in linguistic literature of the 20^th and 21^st centuries. The article presents an analysis of examples for the use of the real man stereotype in monolog and dialogic speech, collected in the National Corpus of Russian Language Formula. The examples of monolog speech reveal the stereotypical representation of native speakers of the Russian language about what qualities an ideal man, a “male standard” possesses. Research on dialogic speech contexts revealed that the gender stereotype “a real man” is used as an argument for praise, reproach, or condemnation.

The analysis of dialogic examples revealed that the gender factor in communication is not always determinant, gender differences are manifested in the strategies of expressing approval or disapproval of men’s qualities.

The paper deals with pragmatic restrictions treated as limits of normal communication within certain situations. Violations of such limits result in communicative failure or switch the communication into a sphere of jokes. Such restrictions correlate with formal and semantic linguistic norms, they have a gradual nature and vary from absolute prohibitions to admissible, but not recommendable communicative actions. Pragmatic restrictions are ethnoculturally bound. They change in time, as new norms emerge and previous rules function no longer. Several types of pragmatic restrictions may be singled out in communication: 1) etiquette rules which fix the canons of demonstrating good will and respect; 2) fundamental norms of behavior which keep the most important communicative formats, mainly concerning religious prescriptions and prohibitions; 3) common sense rules in everyday personal communication; 4) ritual automatic adherence to traditional beliefs; 5) politically correct, which is a reaction to violations of the rights of an oppressed or vulnerable part of the population; 6) discourse and style norms characterizing situationally defined norms of communicative behavior.

The article analyzes one of the social functions of clichés in discourse – the expression of irony. It is generally believed that clichés do not convey new information and, consequently, worsen the quality of communication. However, the use of clichés to create irony is an example of the creative use of various “ready-made” patterns to express an implicit negative evaluation and mark social relationships between the speaker and the addressee. Etiquette phrases, rhetorical questions, proverbs and sayings, memes and idioms with initial positive evaluative meaning can be used to express irony. Being easily recognizable, from a cognitive point of view, clichés are one of the most convenient ways to create irony, since it guarantees recognition of the speaker’s intention by the addressee as irony emerges as a result of “sign substitution”, i.e. a positive evaluation is changed to a negative one. Irony is “read” by the addressee if the semantic coherence of the utterance is violated or the speaker’s fake-playful behavior is obvious. Provided that clichés are often used to implicitly express a critical attitude, they can become conventional ways of expressing irony in discourse, and in such a case the possibility of ironic use should be mentioned by dictionaries of discursive formulas, etiquette tools, etc.

The work discusses the general characteristics of the concept “otvrashchenie” and considers some Russian verbal and nonverbal sign means that cater for the concept. Of all the various emotions, “disgust” is distinguished by a number of features, which include: (1) a deep biological basis, by which I mean a large number of diverse, even for a single culture, verbal and nonverbal (that is purely physiological, bodily) manifestations of disgust in a human being; (2) the relative stability of body manifestations of disgust in space, time and culture. I have in mind a relatively small spatial, temporal and cultural dispersion of such manifestations across the relevant areas; (3) diverse in content and close in form connection of bodily and linguistic manifestations of emotion, which is found, in particular, in the close correlations of body language units with linguistic units related to the mental and psychological spheres of a person; (4) the high significance of cultural, cognitive and social aspects of disgust.

The main attention is paid to various objects, people and situations, which are called disgust stimuli. Different types of stimulus objects are identified and characterized: products of animal and plant origin, human and animal waste, human deformities, some artifacts. At the end of the article, the two laws are formulated, which are known in anthropology and ethnography under the names the law of similarity and the law of infection (contagiousness), which operate in the space of different stimuli of disgust.

The study of the basics of harmonious communication in modern communicative interaction has gained in recent decades a serious theoretical basis in the works of P. Brown and S. Levinson, the writings of J. Leech and other famous linguists. However, their theories have been critically analyzed by discourse analysis researchers J. Culpepper, G. Eelen, R. Watts, D. Bousfield and M. Locher, H. SpencerOatey, V.I. Zhelvis, S.N. Zasypkin, V.V. Leontiev, N.G. Bragina and I.A. Sharonov, A.D. Shmelev and others. The scientific polemic has highlighted a new direction of research, which was named “impoliteness”. The article evaluates classical and modern scientific-theoretical provisions on the theory of impoliteness. It is revealed that impoliteness and politeness connect aspects of the linguocultural component of communication, their evaluation contributes to the identification of the bases of rude communicative behavior and specific emotional coloring of communication. Therefore, those concepts should be considered as constructs of human consciousness and attitudes to evaluative judgments about behavior in a particular context.