The article describes the cyclical nature of the construction “I + adjectival predicate” in the Russian language of the 19th – 20th centuries. Corpus data allows to see periods of increase and decrease in the number of the frames use cases as a means of self-presentation. The dynamics of each frame filling option is a complex curve. An analysis of the identified cycles based on knowledge about the historical events of the corresponding period shows that the need for autocharacteristics increases during periods of reform and decreases during periods of social upheaval. The discovered cyclicity in the use of the “I + adjectival predicate” construction reflects the connection of socio-political circumstances with the search for characteristics of the “I”. The filling of the frame has the consequence of the formation of new substantives that reflect the emergence of new social groups.

   The paper aims at the comparative analysis of nominations in oral and written texts of everyday Russian and languages of science.

   The language of mathematics is chosen as an example, where the issues of nominations arise from the first steps of mastering that language. The article demonstrates difficulties in nominations of mathematical objects, with which humanitarian students are usually confronted. The issues of nominations while describing the objects of outer reality are compared with those of references in mathematical texts.

   The work aims to clarify the content of the terms communication, “obshchenie” (being in contact), and dialogue, which are often used as synonyms.

   The analysis of the origin of terms traces the history of concepts that entered the language through borrowed lexemes. The investigation is based on lexicographic materials and data from the National Corpus of the Russian language. The frequency, the main areas of use, and the terminological grade of these words are considered; it was found that the frequency of the lexeme obshchenie surpasses that of dialogue, the frequency of which turns out to be twice as high as that of the communication. The terminological grade is related inversely to the frequency. The lexeme obshchenie has acquired a common character, the terms communication and dialogue have expanded the scope of professional use. As a result of the study, the concept of “communicative activity” was assessed as more representative of the designation of various communicative practices than the terminologically stricter concept of “the activity ‘in contact’ (obshchenie)”.

   Reflection of Erasmus of Rotterdam heritage in the literature on history of linguistics is under consideration. Mentioning Erasmus’s 1513 syntactic work based on Donatus’s grammar in the book “Introduction to theoretical linguistics” by John Lyons has made the starting point for the present study. The author has not yet been able to find any other information about that essay (as well as the essay itself). In the Russian academic literature on the history of linguistics. there are almost no references to Erasmus. One might assume that Lyons was referring to some other work by Erasmus – perhaps created during the English period of the humanist’s work. The author briefly discusses two treatises by Erasmus written in England, namely, “De copia verborum ac rerum” and “De ratione studii”. In the second treatise that is on teaching of philology Erasmus recommends to the reader among the ancient sources the grammar of Donatus. It cannot be precluded that Lyons meant that very treatise.

Many Russian phraseological somatic units with the word язык (tongue) denote silence. They are держать язык на привязи (lit. to keep the tongue on a leash), прикусить язык (lit. to bite the tongue), язык прилип к гортани (lit. the tongue is stuck to the larynx), язык отсох (lit. the tongue is withered), придержать язык (lit. to hold the tongue), etc. There are also phraseological units with the word язык, which denote speech or human ability to produce speech: болтать языком (lit. to wag the tongue), распустить язык (lit. to loosen the tongue), язык без костей (lit. the tongue without bones), etc. Finally, there are phraseological units with the word язык, which are on the border of speech and silence. They have a number of non-trivial semantic and syntactic properties. Such units are, e. g., слова не идут с языка (lit. words do not leave the tongue), слова не сходят с языка (lit. words do not come off the tongue), вертеться на языке (lit. to spin on the tongue), быть на кончике языка (lit. to be on the tip of the tongue), язык чешется (сказать что-л.) (the tongue itches <to say smth.>). The article describes the meaning and usage of two such units, which at first glance seem absolute synonyms – слова не идут с языка and слова не сходят с языка. It is shown, however, that the first one always denotes silence, whereas the second one can denote both silence and speech.

The task is to determine the semantic and communicative features of the lexeme demand used in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The establishment of discursively determined characteristics of the term is carried out based on comparison with the typical characteristics that a commonly used lexeme trebovanije (demand) has in linguistic descriptions. It was found that legal definitions for the most part contain the usual practicing of the lexeme trebovanije, denoting normative attitudes in various spheres of social activity. References to demands can be differentiated depending on the temporal marking associated with the type of deviation (offense). Two articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation describe situations when demands are made by the subjects of the offense. At the same time, the disposition of the article 163 – “Extortion” is specific and unique, since it presents the only case in the Criminal Code when a subject of an offense presents his personal claim. The specifics of the demand included in the disposition of that article are considered through the prism of metalanguage comments by lawyers. Another stage of the analysis was the concretization for universal semantic features of speech demands. The conclusion is made about the two-part nature of the communicative structure of the extortionate demand, since in a criminal situation, the threat accompanying this message becomes the decisive factor determining the interpretation of the sentence expressing the desire of the extortionist.

   The article deals with an issue of the punctuation mark interpretation in digital communication. The author considers the communicative potential of the period (and its absence) in personal messages. The researchers note that there is a widespread notion among Internet users that the period at the end of the text expresses aggression and therefore should be omitted. In order to study the persistence of that stereotype a questionnaire survey of NSU students was conducted. The interpretation of its results allows drawing several conclusions. The absence of a punctuation mark in a personal communication is explained by different reasons. Quite a common reason is communicative in its nature: the desire to accommodate the interlocutor, for whom punctuation can evoke negative connotations. According to the respondents, the omission of the endpoint is
a marker of the informality of communication. The period is primarily perceived as a dividing sign, while the function of sentence completion seems redundant: the empty end-of-line space swallows up the sign. The convoluted speech action of ‘completing a thought’, which the period sign expresses, is replaced by another action: instead of typing a punctuation mark, the addressee gives the command to send a message. Moreover, the zero period is not just punctuation sloppiness. The zero period correlates with the discursive practice of mass communication: the headline, the sign, the door sign, etc. In addition, in the context of Internet communication, the period acts as a signal of the end of communication. Thus, in digital punctuation, a binary opposition of zero and nonzero signs is formed. The conclusion outlines the perspectives of the study and summarizes the results.

The news published by Telegram channels contain questions with parentheses expressing some degree of uncertainty (vidimo ‘apparently’, navernoe ‘probably’, vozmozhno ‘perhaps, maybe’, etc.), cf. Mozhet, pora dogovarivatjsja? ‘Maybe it’s time to negotiate?’ Mostly, such questions are hypothesis or directive speech acts. In the many of such questions potentially manipulative speech acts are identified (rhetorical questions, reproaches, absurd hypotheses and absurd suggestions), which aim to make the addressee think of a person or his/her actions in a certain way. It is stated that different parentheses occur in different types of questions with unequal frequency: for the words vozmozhno and mozhet hypotheses are the most typical, for the collocation mozhet bytj – directive speech acts, and the word vidimo – manipulative speech acts. An analysis of the total number of questions with parentheses posed by different media suggests the conclusion that some media avoid such questions in editorial texts, while others tend to ask questions themselves more often than just to cite them. Finally, it was found that different channels “prefer” different types of questions with parentheses: more often than other media, “Moskovskij Komsomolets” uses hypotheses, “Vzglyad” and “Komsomolskaya Pravda” use suggestions, and “Tsargrad” and “Russia Today” use absurd statements, rhetorical questions and reproaches.

   The paper analyzes the humorous component which is used by the participants of the discourse of healthy lifestyle. The discourse of healthy lifestyle belongs to those types of discourse which are formed around a particular highly significant social topic. The discourse under discussion exists in the institutional and everyday formats. Institutional discourse of healthy lifestyle is implemented through the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. In the everyday format, that discourse includes, on the one hand, various statements of supporters of healthy lifestyle, and, on the other hand, statements of those who do not want to adhere to a healthy lifestyle. Critical attitude towards healthy lifestyle is often expressed in humorous Internet memes. The study is based on 253 memes in Russian, English, German, Polish and French.

   The purpose of the study is to show how healthy lifestyle, being a social value, nevertheless becomes a target for humor and irony.

   Jokes about healthy lifestyle are based on the collision of norm and anti-norm: in Internet memes, healthy lifestyle appears as something that interferes with happiness, while the unhealthy life-style is associated mainly with positive emotions. In that sense, the everyday discourse is opposed to the institutional one, since the value of healthy lifestyle promoted by the state is questioned in memes.

   The article deals with the study of genre classification and the degree of formality of U.S. presidential speeches.

   The main purpose of the study is to identify conventional genre structures in political discourse and their resilience to stylistic variations.

   As a hypothesis, it is suggested that the measurement of formality can serve as a reliable indicator for distinguishing genres within political discourse. The research methodology is based on the parts of speech markup of texts using the Stanford Part of Speech Tagger tool and further quantification of formality according to the works of F.P. Heylighen and J.-M. Dewaele. The formality index is calculated based on the ratio of non-deictic and deictic categories of words in the text. The corpus of the study consists of 267 texts taken from the archive of the project “The American Presidency Project” of the University of California at Santa Barbara, USA. Information on the conventional genre of texts is taken from the same source. The results of the study demonstrate a significant difference between the genres of “Remarks” and “Address”. Since the method of quantification of formality makes it possible to effectively oppose traditional classifications based on thematic and substantive criteria, the analysis also revealed unexpressed genre innovations, for example, Joe Biden’s “Weekly Conversation”. There was no global trend towards a decrease/increase in the formality of discourse. The data findings confirm the presence of variability in the presidential discourse and allow a deeper understanding of the boundaries of genres and their variability.

   The study of political discourse, as well as the rhetoric of politicians, is a field of knowledge standing at the intersection of linguistics and political science. Our research is based on the critical discourse analysis, which is realized with the help of methods of natural language processing by computer programs, in particular by artificial intelligence (by creating a concordance dictionary, using the methods of distributive semantics, searching for word-associates and frequency dictionaries).

   The aim of the work is to identify the rhetorical constructs special for the discourse, used in practice by the State Duma deputies to create a special agenda.

   The study was conducted on the material of transcripts for all sessions of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the 7^th and 8^th convocations (from 2016 to 2022).

   The relevance of the study is related to the attempt in applying the latest technologies in the description of discourse.

   The results of the study are presented in the form of describing the characterization of speech constructs, identifying the deputies’ attitudes towards the topics and outlining the mental constructs expressed by the State Duma deputies.

   Productive listening involves a response to the initial utterance that can be expressed in various ways, the most important of which is a response question. The sphere of “response” has specific speech genres; the attribution of a speech-thought work to the category of initiality or to the category of response is one of its ontological features, and the corresponding parameter is the most significant for the qualification of communicative actions. The system of strategies underlying the typology of response questions is based on the linguistic concept of response strategies of the mentative. The ability to ask a response question (in a scientific and educational dialogue, in an interview, during a discussion, etc.) means a certain level of communicative culture and involves a number of cognitive and communicative actions. The typology of questions proposed in the article is related to the sphere of response and is based on its intentional and semantic types. There are such types of response questions as interpretation, reformulation, denial, question-support of the original thesis, question-development. In practical terms, the author raises an issue of understudy in the sphere of response speech genres, the lack of active listening skills and asking response questions in the native language. She also highlights steps in the technology of mastering response strategies-questions.

   The paper considers the phenomenon of substitution from the perspective of its application in studies of nonverbal spontaneous communication. The theoretical significance lies in the development of the methodology for collecting and processing material to enrich the multimodal corpus in the context of naturalness/artificiality categories. Definitions of the terms “professional speech” and “multimodal substitute” are given. Using the example of the professional activity of synchronous interpreters the author presents the results of testing the method for eco-cognitive modeling of natural communication. The article provides the thematic classification of professional utterances of synchronous interpreters recorded in the real translation events: question-suggestion, question-confirmation, question-explanation, imperative when changing roles, indication of error, misunderstanding, indignation, consent, hint. Each thematic section presents the most representative examples of professional utterances and their multimodal substitutes in the form of the complexes of paraverbal and nonverbal markers that replace verbal cues when addressing partners in a booth. The author finds out the belonging of the substitutes and frequency of their use by active and passive synchronizers. She also discusses proportional dependence of the use of prosodo-semantemes and kinemo-semantemes on the role performed in the translation process. The identified substitutes are intended for implementation into automatic synchronous translation systems, the development of emoticons for remote synchronous translation as well as for didactic purposes.

   China is characterized by a special attitude to having a meal. Traditions and customs related to food are basic family and social patterns for the inhabitants of the country. Such a basic pattern is the communicative function of having a meal together as a basis for maintaining the existing and establishing new relationships. That tradition, which was formed on the territory of China many millennia ago, was influenced by socio-cultural, natural, historical, and economic factors. In turn, it itself created the corresponding mental phenomena in the bearers of Chinese culture, reflected in their behavior. The rapid development of global cultural, trade, and economic ties puts on the agenda the need for foreigners to understand cultural distinctions and particularities of cultural connotations, which concern the attitude of the Chinese people to the ritual of eating together and meanwhile discussing various issues. In the article, the interpretation of Chinese tradition is based on analyzing the oldest signs of Chinese writing, which retained information about the socio-cultural component of sharing meals, as well as its place in the Old Chinese worldview.

   The article deals with the epistolary dialogue between Tsvetaeva and Rilke which took place in 1926 and reflected an emotional impact of the poets on each other, harmony of their thoughts and images. The dialogue was also important as a creative laboratory where the images of the concepts of “poet” and “poetic language” could mature and be reflected in Tsvetaeva’s poem “Novogodnee”.

   The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the value Glaube in German and Austrian linguistic cultures.

   Linguists believe that the content of a value can be established on the basis of data from lexicographic sources due to the fact that our thinking and speech are directly related to each other. However it seems rather difficult to determine the differences in the value content of two different linguistic cultures whose natives speak the same language, it seems quite difficult to establish differences in the content of the value of each of the linguistic cultures. To establish the content of the Glaube value in the German and Austrian linguistic cultures, as well as to compare the data obtained, the author turns to the results of a free associative experiment conducted with speakers of both linguistic cultures in 2023. The data obtained are quantitatively and qualitatively comparable. The existing differences between German and Austrian linguistic culture are indicated by the additionally identified integrative features. It is also important to highlight a large number of negative reactions, which may indicate a semantic transformation of the Glaube value.

   The chronicle is an overview of the conference “Language and methods of its description-2023. Aspects of the communication activity and issues of their linguistic description: theory, practice, teaching”, which took place on October, 3–4, at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The conference discussed theoretical and practical issues of communicative linguistics, as well as issues of university teaching in related disciplines. The topics of the talks included the dialogue strategies, mechanisms of speech influence, communicative practices and other issues related to human communication.

 

   The monograph by Lyudmila Lvovna Fedorova deals with lexical and phraseological semantics, stereotypes and national-cultural specific nature of the linguistic image. The various linguistic and cultural subjects presented in the book are united by the general idea of language as an image of the world, analysis of cultural stereotypes. The author develops the ideas of the cognitive theory of metaphor, cognitive ethnolinguistics.